Graphene oxide (GO) is characterized by having an extensive surface area composed of a single layer of carbon atoms and numerous oxygenated groups anchored to its surface. These groups, in addition to facilitating its dispersion in water, are also the sites of interaction of GO with other molecules or structures to transfer its properties. For example, with the C-S-H crystals of cement and with the polymeric chains of other materials that facilitate its integration and densification within 3D structures.

Graphene oxide (GO) is a flexible and elastic material that can be stretched without breaking. This makes it a good candidate for applications where durability is important, such as in plastics, textiles, and construction materials.

The oxygenated groups that are distributed along the surface of GO are responsible for the absence of thermal and electrical conductivity in this material. However, GO is also often considered as a hybrid structure because, from chemical or thermal treatments, these groups can disappear and repair the graphene structure. In this way, it is possible to partially recover its conductive properties.

Unlike many materials that deteriorate or degrade due to the effects of UV radiation, GO maintains its structural integrity and mechanical properties; This makes it a promising candidate for applications requiring long-lasting protection from sunlight, such as protective coatings, plastics, textiles, and building materials. It can also be used in environments where radiation is emitted (hospitals), to create safer areas for health and to reduce the deterioration of exposed materials.

If any of the sheets of GO lose atoms, the neighboring atoms interact to fill in the gaps, restoring their connections. This process allows graphene sheets to maintain their structure and properties even when faced with deformations and damage.

The density and impermeability of GO is astonishing and stands out for its ability to act as an almost perfect barrier against the penetration of liquids and gases, even the smallest ones, such as helium. This sparked interest in membrane technologies for filtration and removal of toxins in water, desalination and even for biofuel production. Other industries that today benefit from this property are construction and coatings.

The mechanical properties of GO are slightly inferior to those of graphene, but superior to those of common materials. In other words, GO is still a material with high hardness and stiffness, so it is resistant to penetration and can withstand large stresses without deforming. Its use is ideal for applications that require resistance and durability.

The arrangement and electronic density of both graphene and GO sheets creates a sinuous and repulsive path against the adhesion and growth of microorganisms from their surface to the interior of their structure. Furthermore, its biocompatibility has allowed it to enter the medical field mainly for tissue engineering in bone and skin regeneration or for the design of joint prostheses or dental materials for the design of materials with longer useful life thanks to greater mechanical resistance, better cellular stimulation and lower risk of infection.

The combination of biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity makes GO a versatile and promising material in the search for innovative solutions to improve people’s health and quality of life.